Structure Design Programs' title='Structure Design Programs' />Research design provides the glue that holds the research project together. A design is used to structure the research, to show how all of the major parts of the. Program for analysis and design of reinforced concrete and steel structures made up of columns, walls and shear walls concrete, steel and composite beams joist. Work breakdown structure Wikipedia. A work breakdown structure WBS, also referred to as Contract Work Breakdown Structure or CWBS,1 in project management and systems engineering, is a deliverable oriented breakdown of a project into smaller components. A work breakdown structure is a key project deliverable that organizes the teams work into manageable sections. The Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK 5 defines the work breakdown structure as a A hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables. A work breakdown structure element may be a product, data, service, or any combination thereof. A WBS also provides the necessary framework for detailed cost estimating and control along with providing guidance for schedule development and control. OvervieweditWBS is a hierarchical and incremental decomposition of the project into phases, deliverables and work packages. It is a tree structure, which shows a subdivision of effort required to achieve an objective for example a program, project, and contract. In a project or contract, the WBS is developed by starting with the end objective and successively subdividing it into manageable components in terms of size, duration, and responsibility e. Root File For Samsung Galaxy S2 on this page. Example of work breakdown structure applied in a NASA reporting structure. The work breakdown structure provides a common framework for the natural development of the overall planning and control of a contract and is the basis for dividing work into definable increments from which the statement of work can be developed and technical, schedule, cost, and labor hour reporting can be established. A work breakdown structure permits summing of subordinate costs for tasks, materials, etc., into their successively higher level parent tasks, materials, etc. For each element of the work breakdown structure, a description of the task to be performed is generated. This technique sometimes called a system breakdown structure5 is used to define and organize the total scope of a project. The WBS is organized around the primary products of the project or planned outcomes instead of the work needed to produce the products planned actions. Since the planned outcomes are the desired ends of the project, they form a relatively stable set of categories in which the costs of the planned actions needed to achieve them can be collected. A well designed WBS makes it easy to assign each project activity to one and only one terminal element of the WBS. In addition to its function in cost accounting, the WBS also helps map requirements from one level of system specification to another, for example a requirements cross reference matrix mapping functional requirements to high level or low level design documents. Microkernel+System+Structure+Design.jpg' alt='Structure Design Programs' title='Structure Design Programs' />The WBS may be displayed horizontally in outline form, or vertically as a tree structure like an organization chart. The development of the WBS normally occurs at the start of a project and precedes detailed project and task planning. HistoryeditThe concept of work breakdown structure developed with the Program Evaluation and Review Technique PERT by the United States Department of Defense Do. D. PERT was introduced by the U. S. Navy in 1. 95. Polaris missile program. While the term work breakdown structure was not used, this first implementation of PERT did organize the tasks into product oriented categories. By June 1. Do. D, NASA and the aerospace industry published a document for the PERTCOST system which described the WBS approach. This guide was endorsed by the Secretary of Defense for adoption by all services. In 1. Do. D issued Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items MIL STD 8. Do. D. 1. 0The document has been revised several times, most recently in 2. The current version of this document can be found in Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items MIL STD 8. C. 1. 1 It includes WBS definitions for specific defense materiel commodity systems, and addresses WBS elements that are common to all systems. Example from MIL HDBK 8. Defense Materiel Item categories from MIL STD 8. Hp Officejet H470 Mac. C are Aircraft Systems WBSElectronic Systems WBSMissile Systems WBSOrdnance Systems WBSSea Systems WBSSpace Systems WBSSurface Vehicle Systems WBSUnmanned Air Vehicle Systems WBSUnmanned Maritime Systems WBSLaunch Vehicle Systems WBSAutomated Information Systems WBSThe common elements identified in MIL STD 8. C, Appendix L are Integration, assembly, test, and checkout Systems engineering Program management System test and evaluation Training Data Peculiar support equipment Common support equipment OperationalSite activation Industrial facilities Initial spares and repair parts. The standard also includes additional common elements unique to Space Systems, Launch Vehicle Systems and Automated Information Systems. In 1. 98. 7, the Project Management Institute PMI documented the expansion of these techniques across non defense organizations. The Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK Guide provides an overview of the WBS concept, while the Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures is comparable to the Do. D standard, but is intended for more general application. Design principlesedit1. An important design principle for work breakdown structures is called the 1. It has been defined as follows The 1. WBS includes 1. 00 of the work defined by the project scope and captures all deliverables internal, external, interim in terms of the work to be completed, including project management. The 1. 00 rule is one of the most important principles guiding the development, decomposition and evaluation of the WBS. The rule applies at all levels within the hierarchy the sum of the work at the child level must equal 1. Annual RNAi meeting hosted by Cambridge Healthcare Institute in Boston, Massachusetts. Online meeting information is available plenary sessions, exhibits, and poster. Table of Contents ECNDT 98 Session Aerospace Design of Modern Aircraft Structure and the Role of NDI H. J. Schmidt, B. SchmidtBrandecker, G. Tober. Vacation Summer Programs are supported, in part, with public funds from the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs in partnership with the New York City Council. The Office of Infrastructure Protection IP leads and coordinates national programs and policies on critical infrastructure security and resilience and has. WBS should not include any work that falls outside the actual scope of the project, that is, it cannot include more than 1. It is important to remember that the 1. The work represented by the activities in each work package must add up to 1. Mutually exclusive elementseditMutually exclusive In addition to the 1. This ambiguity could result in duplicated work or miscommunications about responsibility and authority. Such overlap could also cause confusion regarding project cost accounting. If the WBS element names are ambiguous, a WBS dictionary can help clarify the distinctions between WBS elements. The WBS Dictionary describes each component of the WBS with milestones, deliverables, activities, scope, and sometimes dates, resources, costs, quality. Plan outcomes, not actionseditIf the work breakdown structure designer attempts to capture any action oriented details in the WBS, the designer will likely include either too many actions or too few actions. Too many actions will exceed 1. The best way to adhere to the 1. WBS elements in terms of outcomes or results, not actions. This also ensures that the WBS is not overly prescriptive of methods, allowing for greater ingenuity and creative thinking on the part of the project participants. For new product development projects, the most common technique to ensure an outcome oriented WBS is to use a product breakdown structure. Feature driven software projects may use a similar technique which is to employ a feature breakdown structure.